Qinyang Song

Qinyang Song

Oct. 30, 2026

Commercial banks, Business structure, Profit model, Net interest margin, Differentiated operations.

Different types of commercial banks show differences in customer market, sources of funds and risk constraints. Based on the representative samples in the 2024 public annual report and course materials, this article compares large state-owned commercial banks, national joint-stock banks, city commercial banks, rural commercial banks, village banks and private banks, and analyses their business and profit logic. It is found that large banks mainly rely on stable liabilities, comprehensive customer relationships and strong asset allocation capabilities. Joint-stock banks form differentiated income through retail, wealth management and specialized corporate finance. The profitability of local small and medium-sized banks depends more on regional credit demand and deposit-loan spreads. Although private and digital banks have reached the long-tail customer base through online channels and data risk control, they have high debt cost and great risk management pressure. There is no uniform optimal profit model for different banks. Operating efficiency depends on the matching degree between its own resources, customer structure and business boundaries.

© 2026, the Authors. Published by ISCCAC

This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license